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Hosted by Olivia Moir,Ìýthis week`s episodeÌýdiscusses preconception health, or health before pregnancy, with Dr. Jenny Hall.ÌýWhen it comes to reproduction, socialization often focusses on two main areas: either not getting pregnant or being pregnant. But there is more to it, and it’s important to educate on and consider the additional areas in between and the seemingly tiny details are part of these topics – because when it comes to reproduction, it’s often those tiny details that can go on to make a huge difference in terms of pregnancy outcomes and maternal health.
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Transcript
Speakers:
Host - Olivia
Guest – Dr. Jenny HallÌýÌý
00:00:03 Olivia MoirÌý
Hi, everyone! Welcome back to It All Starts Here. This is a podcast focusing on the education and communication of topics in reproductive science and Women's Health. I'm your host, Olivia Moir. and we are here at the Institute for Women's Health here in London at MyAV·¶. And today, we're going to be talking about a period that is often kind of overlooked because when it comes to reproduction, socialization will often focus on 2 main areas, which are, you know, either getting/being pregnant, or not getting pregnant. But there's more to it, and it's important to educate on and consider the additional areas in between and the seemingly tiny details that are part of these topics -Ìýbecause when it comes to reproduction, it's often those tiny details that can go on to make a huge difference in terms of pregnancy outcomes and maternal health.Ìý
00:01:01 Olivia MoirÌý
So today I have with me Doctor Jenny Hall, who is a clinical associate professor and NIH R Advanced Fellow here at the Institute for Women's Health. She is a public health consultant with an extensive background in research using quantitative, qualitative and psychometric methodologies to investigate various topics in maternal health and epidemiology. Her work aims to improve health and social outcomes for women of reproductive age around the world and most recently has been focused on understanding more about pregnancy planning and the benefits of preconception health or health before pregnancy, which is really this area that, as I said, is often overlooked and we're going to focus on today.Ìý
00:01:47 Olivia MoirÌý
It’s such a unique opportunity to be able to speak and hear from you today on this topic given your mixed methods approach to science and specifically how you've taken the opportunity to investigate these scientific areas from a public health perspective. I've really been looking forward to hearing about this topic from your perspective, given your massively broad background of different sciences and also getting this global health perspective from you giving your research and work around the world. So, let's jump right into it!Ìý
00:02:17 Olivia MoirÌý
Maybe you can talk a little bit about your current research and why this is something you're so keen on investigating. Where did it all start for you?Ìý
00:02:27 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Well, thank you so much. It's a pleasure to be here. So I've been interested in reproductive and maternal health for a very broad perspective for a long time. So as far back as a medical student, I did a dissertation on HIV using a human rights lens. But I think for me the main thing that drew me in is the kind of social justice aspect of maternal health, so maternal mortality, it is one of the biggest inequities, probably the biggest inequity around the world 99% of maternal deaths happen in low and middle income countries and just with what we already know we could prevent probably at least three quarters of them. But also to think about within the UK, we we now see massive inequalities in our certain ethnic groups or people from more deprived backgrounds. They can have a three to five times increased risk of maternal mortality and and there's no good reason for that. And I think that's kind of what drew me to this area in the first place.Ìý
00:03:26 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And then as I was learning about maternal mortality, I came across this shocking statistic that almost half of pregnancies worldwide are unplanned. So there are literally 10s of thousands of women dying every year from pregnancies that they didn't want to have in the first place. And I guess so with my public health hat on, prevention is always better than cure. So I then started to think about research and how we could understand more about unplanned pregnancy and what the adverse outcomes were and that's why I did my PhD in Malawi looking at whether unplanned pregnancies had poorer outcomes in a rural area in.Ìý
00:04:08 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And are we and finding that my research and other evidence showing that they are dated with increased risk of the baby being born too soon, having a low birth weight and also for things like depression for the mum after birth and those are just the short term, there's also the other longer term consequences let's say for the child's health and growth and development, their education, the impacts on the rest of the family and the other children's and then out onto society. So take a really big impact.Ìý
00:04:38 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So then still thinking about prevention public health, I'm like, OK, well, how can we help people avoid the pregnancies that they don't want, but also recognising that unplanned pregnancies happen to some extent? So how can we work with people who have an unplanned pregnancy to try and reduce their risk of of adverse outcomes? And that's what then led to my NHL Fellowship, which is what I'm just kind of currently wrapping up. And so they've been doing two things, working with people and healthcare professionals about how we can better identify what people are thinking about with regards to a future pregnancy. So we can either help them avoid that if they don't want a pregnancy through contraception, or starting these conversations about how you might think about planning and preparing for a pregnancy so that you can be in the best place before pregnancy and then also working in antenatal care to detect who's currently experiencing an unplanned pregnancy and work out how we can better support them to try and prevent some of those adverse outcomes, and I think the key gap that we've identified here is that we either for contraception to help you not be pregnant or we have our maternity services when you are pregnant and that bit in the middle. where you're thinking about and planning and preparing for pregnancy is completely missing and the women in my research in particular. qualitative research, really felt that gap and I think this is really important because if if you don't know if we aren't helping people understand that there are things that you can and in some cases should do to prepare for pregnancy, then you don't, even if you're planning to become pregnant, you may not prepare. You don't know that there are things that you could or should be doing like taking folic acid before you become pregnant. So yeah, that's kind of where I am at now.Ìý
00:06:27 Olivia MoirÌý
That`s so interesting, and you know, I I that really resonates with me because a lot of my research that I've been doing has been focusing on that area of sort of prevention. You know, obviously focusing on different elements but something that is often conveyed to us is prevention is the best form of medicine, and that's just really rings true, I think.Ìý
00:06:49 Olivia MoirÌý
So it's really interesting to hear about that and I think sort of what I'm getting is that when people think of getting pregnant and you'll know more about this, but they maybe just.Ìý
00:06:59 Olivia MoirÌý
They go for it.Ìý
00:07:00 Olivia MoirÌý
And I don't really.Ìý
00:07:02 Olivia MoirÌý
Maybe worry too much about the things As for example folic acid to consider in advance of getting.Ìý
00:07:10 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Yeah, I think that's a really common conception and I think that's true for some people.Ìý
00:07:15 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Some people are planners and I guess I'd count myself in there and they will research and they will think about and find out.Ìý
00:07:21 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
What they need to do?Ìý
00:07:23 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But the irony is they're probably the the most healthy people anyway, probably don't actually need to do that much, but it's a problem of unknown unknowns.Ìý
00:07:32 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
If you don't know if you have no idea that there are things that you could or should do before pregnancy, then the decision to become pregnant and then becoming pregnant you you don't know that there's a bit that your.Ìý
00:07:43 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I think people will often say ohh when I'm pregnant I will do XY and ZI will stop drinking. I will stop smoking, I will lose weight, but that's generally not enough.Ìý
00:07:55 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Most of the evidence is suggesting that doing things once you're pregnant doesn't really make a difference.Ìý
00:08:02 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I mean, for some things.Ìý
00:08:02 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Obviously it does stopping smoking at any point.Ìý
00:08:05 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Makes a difference.Ìý
00:08:06 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But if you're going into pregnancy and we know, for example, in this country, at least half of our population of reproductive age are overweight or obese, so a lot of people going into pregnancy who are overweight, that's not something you can change during pregnancy.Ìý
00:08:20 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And people may not know that being overweight can make it harder for you to get pregnant.Ìý
00:08:26 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It can make it take a longer time.Ìý
00:08:28 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It can limit your choices during pregnancy, such as your choice of where to give birth and give you.Ìý
00:08:33 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Risk of of things like gestational diabetes.Ìý
00:08:37 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Once you're pregnant, you.Ìý
00:08:38 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Can't change any of that and and also we know that if you're overweight going into pregnancy, your child is more likely to be overweight when they're five and if a child is overweight at 5, they're more likely to be overweight as a teenager and then they go on to become a a parent who is overweight.Ìý
00:08:58 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And so you're perpetuating this cycle.Ìý
00:09:02 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So yeah, if you don't know about this and it doesn't factor into your thinking, you don't think ohh.Ìý
00:09:07 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I'm thinking about becoming pregnant.Ìý
00:09:08 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I know all these things, so I will do this.Ìý
00:09:11 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
What this is what's important for me to do.Ìý
00:09:13 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
You just think I'll get pregnant and then if something I need to fix, I'll fix it.Ìý
00:09:18 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But I also think people rarely flip from not wanting to get pregnant one day to wanting to become pregnant the next.Ìý
00:09:24 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I think there's.Ìý
00:09:25 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
More of a a gradual transition, perhaps moving from.Ìý
00:09:29 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It would be the end of the world for.Ìý
00:09:30 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Me to get pregnant right now.Ìý
00:09:32 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Through to ambivalence, or if it happens, it happens or I'm not really trying not to get pregnant through to, you know, then actively wanting to become.Ìý
00:09:44 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Pregnant in some cases.Ìý
00:09:46 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So I think there is an opportunity there.Ìý
00:09:49 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
There is a time where people are transitioning.Ìý
00:09:52 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And we need people to know what they could do in that time.Ìý
00:09:56 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Once they start thinking about a pregnancy.Ìý
00:09:59 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Wanting one in the short term so that they can can then take steps to do what they need to do.Ìý
00:10:06 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I think we, we know that people don't really know what to do is is excellent social media campaign.Ìý
00:10:11 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
A few years ago by Tommies, the miscarriage charity.Ìý
00:10:14 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
They went around filming people on the streets and asked them what would you, how do you plan a wedding?Ìý
00:10:21 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
How do you plan for your holiday and people were like ohh, you know, I'll research the weather and I'll book a flight or you know, I'll find a dress or find a man or find a partner in this kind of thing.Ìý
00:10:32 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And when they asked him about how do.Ìý
00:10:34 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
You have a pregnancy.Ìý
00:10:37Ìý
There were these kind.Ìý
00:10:38 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Of like Ohh Blank looks, I don't really know.Ìý
00:10:41 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Is there something you need to?Ìý
00:10:43 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Do and.Ìý
00:10:44 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Yeah, and also one of my recent studies we asked, we were asking people whether or not they might be thinking about pregnancy in the next year.Ìý
00:10:52 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Or so.Ìý
00:10:53 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And even among those who said they were either currently trying to get pregnant or.Ìý
00:10:57 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
They'd probably try.Ìý
00:10:58 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
With the next year less.Ìý
00:11:01 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Than half of them were doing something in preparation.Ìý
00:11:04 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Even folic acid.Ìý
00:11:05 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So even amongst people who are thinking about pregnancy, they're not preparing.Ìý
00:11:10 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And there's this difference between planning to become pregnant and actually preparing to become pregnant.Ìý
00:11:16 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So that's, yeah, that's what I've.Ìý
00:11:17 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Focusing on in the fellowship and I've been working with women in health professionals about how we can make these.Ìý
00:11:22 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Conversations more normal.Ìý
00:11:23 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
What are the ways of opening the conversation?Ìý
00:11:25 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
What are the settings which health professionals, how we might incorporate that into to primary care in a way that suits people of reproductive age and health professionals?Ìý
00:11:36 Olivia MoirÌý
Yeah, it's.Ìý
00:11:37 Olivia MoirÌý
I feel like there's so many different points at which, you know, an intervention or like that area for prevention can occur.Ìý
00:11:43 Olivia MoirÌý
But I also feel like a lot of what you were talking about comes down to kind of education on the topic and you know, that's something that we kind of have talked in different episodes of this podcast.Ìý
00:11:55 Olivia MoirÌý
But I guess.Ìý
00:11:57 Olivia MoirÌý
Specifically pertaining to this area, you said that you've kind of in your fellowship have been looking at areas in clinic specifically where this kind of prevention could take place.Ìý
00:12:06 Olivia MoirÌý
But do you think that there's also maybe?Ìý
00:12:12 Olivia MoirÌý
An element of being able to educate that in school or do you think that that's something like I guess I find something that you know has been true is that unless it's directly affecting you or someone that you've you know had in your life that you care about, it's kind of hard to develop that sense of like really a care for that topic.Ìý
00:12:32 Olivia MoirÌý
More to try and really understand it so you know.Ìý
00:12:35 Olivia MoirÌý
A lot of people will become pregnant eventually, but how do you and where do you focus like?Ìý
00:12:43 Olivia MoirÌý
What is the key area?Ìý
00:12:45 Olivia MoirÌý
I don't.Ìý
00:12:45 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Know. Yeah. So I think.Ìý
00:12:49 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It needs to be tackled from a few different ways.Ìý
00:12:52 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I think we need a general societal awareness.Ìý
00:12:56 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Of this part of the reproductive life course and and that there are things that you can do so that sort of sets the the bigger background picture of something that is OK to talk about, you can talk.Ìý
00:13:09 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
About with your.Ìý
00:13:10 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Friends with your health professionals and so on.Ìý
00:13:14 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I think it's really important to get that message in early in schools and, as you say, it's about getting the right information at the right time and giving loads of intimate information to 15 year olds about things to do in advance of pregnancy.Ìý
00:13:29 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Is not going to be useful.Ìý
00:13:30 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Like you say it's, it's not the right time, but.Ìý
00:13:35 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Getting your message to them that when, if and when, because obviously not everyone wants to have children, but if they want.Ìý
00:13:41 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Children, when they get to that time, just to remember.Ìý
00:13:45 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
There are things that they can do before they're pregnant that will have an impact on their pregnancy, on their child's health, even on their grandchild's health. And if you get that key message in, in schools, in teenagers.Ìý
00:13:58 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Then hopefully when they get to the point of their life where they're thinking about whether or not they're gonna start a family, then they're like, oh, I remember there's something I need to think about.Ìý
00:14:08 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
They might not remember.Ìý
00:14:09 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I'm supposed to take Photocard.Ìý
00:14:10 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Or the specifics.Ìý
00:14:11 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But they just know.Ìý
00:14:13 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I need.Ìý
00:14:13 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
There's something I need to think about here.Ìý
00:14:15 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Let me look it up online.Ìý
00:14:17 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Let me speak to a friend.Ìý
00:14:19 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Let me speak to a health professional and so on.Ìý
00:14:21 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So you've got that seed there.Ìý
00:14:23 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But then also from the health.Ìý
00:14:26 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Decide we could incorporate it into either routine lifestyle checks, so if you're.Ìý
00:14:35 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Sometimes you'll.Ìý
00:14:36 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
They'll be there, like while you're here.Ìý
00:14:38 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Do you smoke?Ìý
00:14:39 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Do you drink?Ìý
00:14:39 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Let's check your BMI.Ìý
00:14:41 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
We could incorporate into that something around reproductive and menstrual health.Ìý
00:14:44 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So it could be something like how are your periods?Ìý
00:14:47 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It could be.Ìý
00:14:48 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Are you thinking of having a baby in the?Ìý
00:14:50 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Next year.Ìý
00:14:51 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Something that opens that conversation and and provides that again that touch point and the answer you know either way is is useful for the person to consider and for the health professionals so they can guide them either with contraception choices or.Ìý
00:15:05 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
With preconception.Ìý
00:15:08 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Obviously, we all know health services are very overburdened right now and and that might not always be possible in some situations it will and that's great.Ìý
00:15:18 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But people are becoming more digitally.Ìý
00:15:19 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Literate and.Ìý
00:15:22 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Sometimes things around section reproductive health people would prefer.Ìý
00:15:25 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
To have.Ìý
00:15:26 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Do something online that they have more autonomy over, that they might feel is more confidential.Ìý
00:15:32 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
If they don't feel comfortable discussing aspects of of sex and reproduction with anyone.Ìý
00:15:36 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So I think also having sort of digital.Ìý
00:15:38 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Tools for people to be able to to self manage because a lot of this isn't.Ìý
00:15:42 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
For most people, particularly complex, it's general lifestyle advice around healthy diet, healthy weight, cutting out smoking, those kind of things, making sure you're up to date with your immunisations or your cervical smear, or those kind of things.Ìý
00:15:57 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
There are a subpopulation.Ìý
00:15:59 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
People who have existing medical conditions, et cetera, for whom it would be important to speak to a health professional.Ìý
00:16:05 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
To talk about their medications or their Disease Control.Ìý
00:16:08 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
For example, if you're diabetic or asthmatic or epileptic, those kind of things, it's helpful to have that discussion before you're pregnant, so you can make sure that's all optimised before you enter pregnancy.Ìý
00:16:19 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So I think it's having this sort of.Ìý
00:16:22 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Addressing it from many angles and actually we we published a paper on that in January in The Lancet public health, where we set out.Ìý
00:16:28 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
This model of.Ìý
00:16:31 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Sort of societal level awareness education as well as health services and digital tools.Ìý
00:16:37 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
To provide that context where it is routine and normal to talk about these things.Ìý
00:16:43 Olivia MoirÌý
I'll have it.Ìý
00:16:43 Olivia MoirÌý
Yeah, I love what you've said.Ìý
00:16:44 Olivia MoirÌý
And I think, you know, my kind of my background is in genetics.Ìý
00:16:49 Olivia MoirÌý
So my brain kind of goes to these places of all the different interconnected ways you know.Ìý
00:16:55 Olivia MoirÌý
Obviously when I study between your genes.Ìý
00:16:58 Olivia MoirÌý
How that affects everything else down the line, but I think that is so true about maybe everything and a lot of different topics, especially in health, because sort of what I'm getting from what you've said is just that.Ìý
00:17:11 Olivia MoirÌý
A lot of the topics to focus on that will help with reproductive health and help with this sort of gap period of when you're planning to be pregnant or just in advance of that is having an understanding of what makes you healthy and and what will help you in your day-to-day like it comes down to.Ìý
00:17:31 Olivia MoirÌý
Exercise that comes down.Ìý
00:17:32 Olivia MoirÌý
To eating the right foods for your body, it comes down to all of these different.Ìý
00:17:37 Olivia MoirÌý
Topics that you.Ìý
00:17:38 Olivia MoirÌý
Know obviously relate to reproduction, but also just relate to having a healthy lifestyle.Ìý
00:17:44 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Yeah, I mean, there are very few things that are absolutely unique to that period.Ìý
00:17:49 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So obviously there's a photo acid recommendation.Ìý
00:17:51 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It's recommended you take it ideally.Ìý
00:17:53 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
At least two months before you become pregnant, and that helps to get the blood folate levels up high enough.Ìý
00:17:59 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And we know we've known since 1991, I think that folic acid will reduce the risk of neural tube defects. So that's when the spinal cord.Ìý
00:18:08 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Doesn't close properly.Ìý
00:18:10 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And and yet we still have, you know, it's only about one in three people who take it before they're pregnant.Ìý
00:18:17 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And shockingly, it doesn't get better if you're on a second pregnancy.Ìý
00:18:20 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
We're still managing not to women that you know.Ìý
00:18:25 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
OK, well, you didn't take it before this time.Ìý
00:18:26 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
You're taking it now.Ìý
00:18:26 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
That's great next time.Ìý
00:18:29 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I'd take it beforehand.Ìý
00:18:30 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
We're still not doing that.Ìý
00:18:31 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It's actually lower in second pregnancies and and many, many countries around the world have been fortifying staple foods with folate for many, many years.Ìý
00:18:40 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
We don't in the UK, it's recently been agreed that we will.Ìý
00:18:46 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But we're only going to fortify white flour and not at a high enough dose.Ìý
00:18:52 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So people are still going to be needing to take the folic acid tablets beforehand.Ìý
00:18:57 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And the reason it's so important to do it before is because then your tube closes so early in pregnancy that actually by the time you realise you're pregnant, even if you start taking it then.Ìý
00:19:07 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
You've probably missed the boat.Ìý
00:19:08 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Like it's not gonna do any harm.Ìý
00:19:09 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
You should still take it, but for it to be most effective, you need to be taking it before.Ìý
00:19:15 Olivia MoirÌý
Yeah, that's it's it kind of brings also up this topic that I was really, you know, interested to hear from you.Ìý
00:19:22 Olivia MoirÌý
About is just in.Ìý
00:19:23 Olivia MoirÌý
Your career, you know, are there certain misconceptions that you find?Ìý
00:19:27 Olivia MoirÌý
I mean, obviously.Ìý
00:19:29 Olivia MoirÌý
There are different elements of that I think now there's misconceptions because of, you know, a lack of education in in different areas of the schooling system.Ìý
00:19:40 Olivia MoirÌý
It comes from different parts though, I mean.Ìý
00:19:43 Olivia MoirÌý
Technology is, you know, very useful for a lot of things, but.Ìý
00:19:49 Olivia MoirÌý
It's also it can, I think, be harmful if you are finding things or you're Googling things or you don't know what you're looking up or you're diagnosing yourself or you know, people just want to know and they want to be able to have an answer and they want to be able to make a plan, I guess, or instruct themselves bring comfort to themselves.Ìý
00:20:08 Olivia MoirÌý
But I I guess I wonder.Ìý
00:20:11 Olivia MoirÌý
You know misconceptions I feel like can.Ìý
00:20:12 Olivia MoirÌý
Come from there and what?Ìý
00:20:14 Olivia MoirÌý
Have you found in your career in your research in in clinic?Ìý
00:20:19 Olivia MoirÌý
What are certain things that you feel like you would love to address?Ìý
00:20:22 Olivia MoirÌý
Or maybe that you're constantly, you know, addressing with with certain groups of?Ìý
00:20:27 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
People. Yeah, I mean.Ìý
00:20:29 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I guess the cross section reproductive health.Ìý
00:20:31 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So many misconceptions, so many around contraception, and what it does and doesn't do and.Ìý
00:20:40 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It's not. In some cases, it's not that the information isn't out there or available, but it's not. It's not in the right format, so we haven't got enough people on TikTok putting good content rather than anecdotal content. Not to belittle anyone's individual experience, but one person's experience isn't reflective of.Ìý
00:21:02 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Necessarily everybody else is, I think.Ìý
00:21:06 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Specific to the work around preconception, I think the thing that we grapple with most is it gets dismissed as.Ìý
00:21:16 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Well, most people don't plan their pregnancy.Ìý
00:21:17 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Most pregnancies are unplanned, so it's pointless even trying to talk about preconception health.Ìý
00:21:25 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
As I said earlier, yeah, globally around 45% of pregnancies are unplanned. In the UK, our most recent estimate, which is over a decade old, is also that 45% of pregnancies are unplanned.Ìý
00:21:38 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So that that is big and we need to do something about that.Ìý
00:21:41 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
If you flip it more than half of pregnancies.Ìý
00:21:43 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Our planned.Ìý
00:21:45 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
We do have a huge potential.Ìý
00:21:48 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
To be reaching people and I think we kind of it, it's.Ìý
00:21:52 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Too easy sometimes for people to brush aside as people don't find their pregnancies.Ìý
00:21:55 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
We can't do anything about this, and I don't think that's right.Ìý
00:21:59 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I also think.Ìý
00:22:01 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
In terms of unplanned pregnancy, and this is a comment that really stuck with me when I was trying to get my my current research funded.Ìý
00:22:08 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
One of the interviews on the panel basically dismissed the issue of unplanned pregnancy as well.Ìý
00:22:13 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
This is just about contraception in the kind of if you women would just take your pills, this wouldn't be a problem.Ìý
00:22:19 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And I think that's just so.Ìý
00:22:20 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Naive that having free contraception should mean that we have no unplanned pregnancy.Ìý
00:22:26 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And I think both with preconception and unplanned pregnancy, there's a real tendency to individualise these issues and make.Ìý
00:22:34 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It the woman.Ìý
00:22:34 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
'S fault if she has an unplanned pregnancy.Ìý
00:22:39 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And I don't think that's the case.Ìý
00:22:40 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I I mean, our contraception services are struggling.Ìý
00:22:46 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
They have had funding cuts more than the last decade.Ìý
00:22:49 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
There aren't enough sexually productive health doctors who are specialists in contraception and the way that we Commission and pay for our contraception.Ìý
00:23:00 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Others actually costs doctors to provide that service, and so it's unviable for them to be offering certain contraception.Ìý
00:23:07 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So we're making it more and more difficult for people to access contraception and then hitting them over the head when we say, and I've got an unplanned pregnancy.Ìý
00:23:16 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So yeah, lots of issues, I think.Ìý
00:23:19 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But I I think.Ìý
00:23:21 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I don't want to make it an.Ìý
00:23:22 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Individual solution to the problem by saying what everyone should have a plan.Ìý
00:23:27 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I think that's an important part of it, but in order for people to have a plan, we also need that to be something that society is supportive of and is not.Ìý
00:23:38 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And a plan is no good if you can't enact it, so we need to.Ìý
00:23:42 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Provide the services such.Ìý
00:23:44 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
That when people don't want to get pregnant, they are able to not get pregnant.Ìý
00:23:49 Olivia MoirÌý
And I think I mean back to when you know earlier in this episode when I was sort of saying.Ìý
00:23:55 Olivia MoirÌý
You know I'm.Ìý
00:23:55 Olivia MoirÌý
Just I'm really, really excited to have you here because.Ìý
00:23:58 Olivia MoirÌý
Of the sort of holistic viewpoint that you take on this subject, I really appreciate that.Ìý
00:24:04 Olivia MoirÌý
And I really think it's so important and I feel like we've talked about that even.Ìý
00:24:08 Olivia MoirÌý
Other is this topic requires, as you said, society to kind of take a a step back and maybe consider the different elements that are a part of it and the different factors that play into it and you know, agreed that comment kind of really bugs me as well because.Ìý
00:24:28 Olivia MoirÌý
I mean for different reasons, but you know.Ìý
00:24:32 Olivia MoirÌý
One example of that is is even if you have access to contraceptives.Ìý
00:24:39 Olivia MoirÌý
That's not sort of the only factor.Ìý
00:24:42 Olivia MoirÌý
I mean something that is just so real in this topic is that it really oftentimes comes down to the person, like the woman who who's getting pregnant and.Ìý
00:24:56 Olivia MoirÌý
As much as it's.Ìý
00:24:57 Olivia MoirÌý
You know, she's she's the one that's gonna be carrying this baby, you know, ultimately, hopefully it's it's her decision.Ìý
00:25:05 Olivia MoirÌý
There's a whole other party that's involved in that process and I guess I wonder specific to this, you know, topic.Ìý
00:25:15 Olivia MoirÌý
There's a lot of people that do also want to, you know, give their opinion and get involved.Ìý
00:25:19 Olivia MoirÌý
And I think it comes down to society being able to say, listen, it's not just on the woman that you know is getting pregnant to take the steps to get there.Ìý
00:25:29 Olivia MoirÌý
And and I think it going forward, it would be helpful to have the role.Ìý
00:25:34 Olivia MoirÌý
More incorporated for the partner who's involved in that.Ìý
00:25:38 Olivia MoirÌý
And I guess I wonder, do you feel like in your research in, in your clinic?Ìý
00:25:43 Olivia MoirÌý
And your practice, are there certain kind of points in that where you see that there could be the inclusion of that other person to help out and to help with the planning process and to to alleviate some of the burden or the the weight that the woman or the person getting pregnant has to carry?Ìý
00:26:03 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Yeah, absolutely.Ìý
00:26:04 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So I think it's very easy to focus on the woman and overlook the role of the man and definitely research in this area has lagged behind.Ìý
00:26:11 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But there is more and more being done on the role of the father, where we're talking about heterosexual couples in.Ìý
00:26:21 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
In the the child's long term health, so overweight fathers have overweight children. The father's mental health before the baby is born is important for the child's mental health.Ìý
00:26:33 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
You know, there are genetic and epigenetic factors going on to affect the sperm quality, the sperm and the semen quality affect the environment.Ìý
00:26:41 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
That the child is conceived in and you know these things can have effects on on the baby while it's developing.Ìý
00:26:48 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And after.Ìý
00:26:49 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So there is this increasing recognition of the role in in that.Ìý
00:26:53 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Sort of.Ìý
00:26:54 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Biological pathway.Ìý
00:26:56 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So back to that sort of message in schools, the message is there for everyone, for you.Ìý
00:27:01 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
If you're thinking about becoming a parent.Ìý
00:27:03 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
In the future.Ìý
00:27:04 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It's important to think about your health beforehand, I think.Ìý
00:27:09 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Where it comes?Ìý
00:27:10 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
To contraception, decision discussions and decisions, this is a really interesting area because.Ìý
00:27:16 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
As you say, ultimately it's the woman who's going to be taking them.Ìý
00:27:20 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And so ultimately it has to be her decision.Ìý
00:27:23 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But it would be, I think, good if there is sort of shared decision making process.Ìý
00:27:30 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I've done a bit of work around reproductive autonomy with a particular way of measuring it.Ìý
00:27:34 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
This is one of the aspects of measurement that that I work on and and in that we look at sort of different aspects of reproductive autonomy, decision making.Ìý
00:27:43 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Communication and freedom from coercion.Ìý
00:27:46 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And really interesting is that in the decision making area, we tend to see more shared decision making around contraception and whether to become pregnant and whether or not you would have an abortion in people who are married or in long term relationships than in people who are not and that.Ìý
00:28:04 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Makes sense in terms of the.Ìý
00:28:07 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It measures it.Ìý
00:28:09 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It counts that as women having lower autonomy because they are not the ones who have final.Ìý
00:28:12 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Way, but I think sort of the the distinction of sharing the burden of the discussion and the agreement is helpful.Ìý
00:28:21 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It's very rare for a person to come in for a contraception appointment and bring their partner with them, but it doesn't mean to say that conversations haven't happened.Ìý
00:28:30 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And I think that is something that we can encourage.Ìý
00:28:33 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
As long as by inviting the partner into the space, we don't limit women's autonomy, some evidence from Malawi.Ìý
00:28:40 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Where they were trying to improve uptake of contraception by bringing men into the discussion and whereas before women had been able to access it discreetly to some extent without their partner knowing, particularly now you can have an injection, there's no visible sign that, that, that, that, that has happened in some instances bringing men to the discussions then.Ìý
00:29:01 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Limited women's ability to access contraception that might not be true everywhere, but I think it's an important thing to to be aware of as well. But I mean, the underlying principle of men or partners being involved in the discussions and decisions.Ìý
00:29:18 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But it's still being, you know, the woman's ultimate decision, her bodily autonomy, that's still crucial.Ìý
00:29:24 Olivia MoirÌý
Yeah, I think you've you've hit the nail on the head with that one for sure.Ìý
00:29:28 Olivia MoirÌý
It's it's, yeah, it's such an important topic and and I kind of look forward to.Ìý
00:29:34 Olivia MoirÌý
Through my career investigating that more, the role of, you know, not just the woman but the man or the partner.Ìý
00:29:41 Olivia MoirÌý
Of course, in making these different decisions.Ìý
00:29:43 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And I think this.Ìý
00:29:44 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Touched on society a few.Ìý
00:29:46 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And and I think that's also really, really important.Ìý
00:29:49 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
We've seen Massive falls in fertility in Europe over the last few decades.Ìý
00:29:54 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So Italy I think.Ìý
00:29:56 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Their total fertility rates, the average number of children born to women in a lifetime, something like 1.1 or 1.3.Ìý
00:30:02 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So their population is crashing and they're not unique.Ìý
00:30:06 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It it most places in Europe we are below what's called replacement level.Ìý
00:30:10 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So in order for our population to stay stable in terms of births and deaths, the average number of children and women would have in her life.Ìý
00:30:18 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Time has to be just above 2, something like.Ìý
00:30:19 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
2.4.Ìý
00:30:21 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
We've been below 2 for for many years and and and that is because society has not recognised the changes in societal structures that we need.Ìý
00:30:33 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Since women have become an integral part of the workforce, it is virtually impossible for a two parent working family.Ìý
00:30:43 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
To manage in today's structures, our childcare is so expensive that that women have to give up work or someone, and usually it's the woman has to give up work for the first few years of a child's life to care for that child.Ìý
00:30:56 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Before school.Ìý
00:30:56 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And so that's having a.Ìý
00:30:58 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
This disincentive on on women also as well on couples, because when we ask people when you're thinking about having a baby, what are the sorts of things that you think about beforehand, what's important and it's things like either education or their job, like getting to a certain point.Ìý
00:31:15 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And obviously it's having a partner that you want to have a.Ìý
00:31:18 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Their child, with its finances, its housing, it's those kind of things that are influencing people's decisions about whether or not to have children.Ìý
00:31:26 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And so it's becoming, I think, more common to not to have children by choice or to have fewer children.Ìý
00:31:35 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Yeah, sorry.Ìý
00:31:36 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
There was something else I was going to say it.Ìý
00:31:37 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Just slipped my mind.Ìý
00:31:39 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Yeah, I.Ìý
00:31:40 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Ohh yeah, sorry to come back there.Ìý
00:31:42 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Climate anxiety like that is something now that really.Ìý
00:31:45 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Particularly into younger generations, thoughts about whether or not to to have children, or how many children to have is what are we doing to our climate?Ìý
00:31:53 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
What's it gonna be like for our children or?Ìý
00:31:54 Olivia MoirÌý
Our grandchildren?Ìý
00:31:56 Olivia MoirÌý
Yeah, absolutely.Ìý
00:31:57 Olivia MoirÌý
And I was just gonna say I I had a friend the other day who kind of found he was he.Ìý
00:32:04 Olivia MoirÌý
He had, you know, I told him.Ìý
00:32:05 Olivia MoirÌý
About what I was studying at.Ìý
00:32:06 Olivia MoirÌý
School. And he was like.Ìý
00:32:08 Olivia MoirÌý
Well, you know, I would, I would have thought that because of what you study, you would not want to have kids going forward.Ìý
00:32:15 Olivia MoirÌý
And that kind of I mean.Ìý
00:32:18 Olivia MoirÌý
I was like.Ìý
00:32:18 Olivia MoirÌý
Jar I didn't even know what to say in that moment, but it's so true.Ìý
00:32:22 Olivia MoirÌý
I mean, these conversations are totally being had and they're important ones to have and.Ìý
00:32:30 Olivia MoirÌý
As you said, it's so important to kind of think about, you know, we've had advancements in certain areas in terms of giving equal access to different things, to women, as well as other areas.Ìý
00:32:41 Olivia MoirÌý
But there has to be kind of also advancements in society to be able to support that and I think.Ìý
00:32:49 Olivia MoirÌý
Hopefully going forward, that's going to be, you know, climate at the center of that and and society kind of covering how to navigate that that's I guess the hope.Ìý
00:33:01 Olivia MoirÌý
But my hope, but I'm wondering you know.Ìý
00:33:04 Olivia MoirÌý
Going forwards in your career, in your research and in your practice, what are kind of your big goals or or what you're kind of hoping to see in this kind of space?Ìý
00:33:15 Olivia MoirÌý
What are you hoping for?Ìý
00:33:20 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But I'd like.Ìý
00:33:21 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It to be routine and normal for people to talk.Ìý
00:33:24 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
About preparing for pregnancy, it's they're not.Ìý
00:33:28 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I'm not suggesting everyone can go up to each other on.Ìý
00:33:29 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
The street and go.Ìý
00:33:31 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Are you gonna have a baby?Ìý
00:33:32 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Are you gonna have a baby soon?Ìý
00:33:33 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Cause that's you know, nobody likes that.Ìý
00:33:36 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
But either in the context of getting that education in early so that people know when they get to that time in their life, they can look for for information or speak to health professional.Ìý
00:33:46 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Getting it in into a range of health professionals, sort of.Ìý
00:33:50 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Because once these things become routine, they become less scary and I think some people are worried in in news I did with health professionals there like, oh, I'm not sure what to say.Ìý
00:33:59 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
About preconception care.Ìý
00:34:00 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And then actually they.Ìý
00:34:01 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
All the things you could say in.Ìý
00:34:02 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Preconception care cause as we've.Ìý
00:34:04 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Said it's not like there's many things that are unique.Ìý
00:34:07 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It's general.Ìý
00:34:08 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Good lifestyle advice.Ìý
00:34:11 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I think finding a a digital tool for people to be able to do this, that's something that I'm working on.Ìý
00:34:20 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
We've developed an initial platform that will it takes people through some questions.Ìý
00:34:25 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It then gives them some feedback about how likely they are to have a pregnancy in the next year.Ìý
00:34:29 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
And then depending on that advice for contraception or advice for preconception.Ìý
00:34:33 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Or advice for both.Ìý
00:34:34 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
As well as sort of general advice around consent or links to to sort of external advice, and we want to build that out to to become a platform that people can then work on their plan, develop a plan.Ìý
00:34:45 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Because I guess my ultimate kind of goal is everyone has the information and the agency to be able to think about these aspects of their reproductive health.Ìý
00:34:53 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I suppose I'm starting on quite a small area, but this is just one part of people's reproductive life course.Ìý
00:34:59 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
There are so many other aspects of section reproductive health that it would be great to build out into.Ìý
00:35:05 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So that they can so they can know that these are things that they can think about and that they can make choices for themselves and that services are provided in a way that enables them to meet those goals.Ìý
00:35:18 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
So I really would love to see everyone having the number of children they want, whether that's none or for like.Ìý
00:35:25 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
It's just about empowering people to to make that choice and actually the ability to enact it.Ìý
00:35:32 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
Yeah, absolutely.Ìý
00:35:33 Dr. Jenny HallÌý
I think that's so great.Ìý
00:35:34 Olivia MoirÌý
And and I'm really.Ìý
00:35:36 Olivia MoirÌý
I feel really excited to see kind of you know everything that you do and and to be able to to watch that it's going to be so cool.Ìý
Ìý